Table of Contents
Part One - the Cardinal Virtues
1.
Prudence: The
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling by Henry Fielding
2.
Temperance: The
Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
3.
Justice: A
Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens
4.
Courage: The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
Part Two – The Theological Virtues
5.
Faith: Silence
by Shusaku Endo
6.
Hope: The
Road by Cormac McCarthy
7.
Love: The
Death of Ivan Ilych by Leo Tolstoy
Part Three – The Heavenly Virtues
8.
Chastity: Ethan
Frome by Edith Wharton
9.
Diligence: Pilgrim’s
Progress by John Bunyan
10.
Patience: Persuasion
by Jane Austen
11.
Kindness: Tenth
of December by George Saunders
12.
Humility: “Revelation” and “Everything That
Rises Must Converge” by Flannery O’Connor
I like the old-fashioned words such as prudence, temperance,
and diligence. I had never seen this kind of grouping of cardinal, theological,
and heavenly virtues. “The Aristotelian philosophy of virtue is tied to a sense
of human purpose or telos – in other
words, humanity’s ultimate end or purpose.” “Human excellence occurs when we
glorify God, which is our true purpose.” (both page 23). The idea of virtues
fits right into our whole “search for meaning” that I hear about quite often.
Prudence
“Virtue requires judgment, and judgment requires prudence.
Prudence is wisdom in practice” (p. 34). “Prudence is wisdom at work on the
ground, doing good and avoiding evil in real-life situations” (p. 39).
Discussing prudence, and Fielding’s “high moral purpose” for his novel Tom Jones evoked many points for
discussion. One is God’s involvement in the world, his providence.
…Most striking is his narrative
technique. A highly involved narrator opens each major section of the novel and
interjects throughout to offer explicit commentary (as well as humorous
asides). One scholar explains that this intrusive narrator is much more than a
clever narrative device in that the narrator embodies Fielding’s theology
concerning the character of a God who intervenes and is active in the affairs
of humankind—in other words, God’s providence (p. 37)
Hmm. Active how? Commentator/observer only or causing
things?
Another topic is the concept of vices. Prior lists Tom
Jones’ vices as rashness and negligence. “Prudence is love that chooses with
sagacity between that which hinders it and that which helps it“ (p. 45). What
are my vices, I ask myself. Rashness, defensiveness/wanting to be right, pride.
“…Applying wisdom requires the ability to discern truth and then to act rightly
based on truth” (p. 45). Discerning is one thing; it’s that acting part that’s
tricky.
Temperance
“Temperance is not simply resisting temptation. It is more
than merely restraint…One attains the virtue of temperance when one’s appetites
have been shaped such that one’s very desires are in proper order and
proportion” (p. 53). Prior uses the example of quitting a bunch of bad-for-you
foods in order to lose weight, and after some time finds she actually wants grapes for a snack rather than the
usual unhealthy foods she usually craves. Her desire changed – temperance.
“Temperance is the virtue that helps us rise above our
animal nature, making the image of God in us shine more brilliantly” (p. 53). This
reminds me of what I’ve learned about Sabbath practice – rising above animals’
unbreakable cycle of life to stop, break the cycle, and rest.
You have to talk about Prohibition if you use the word
“temperance,” and Prior does.
Prohibition grew out of the more
moderate movement called Temperance. The American Temperance Society was
founded…to temper (or moderate) excessive consumption of alcohol, but
eventually to total abstinence (teetotalism). The push toward complete
prohibition developed as a reaction against another excess: the growing
drunkenness (often resulting in domestic violence and familial neglect) that
accompanied the Industrial Revolution (p. 55).
Prior explains Gatsby as “a poster boy for the American
Dream” (p. 56) who lusts for Daisy and a “part of a world Gatsby wants to enter
but can never be from.” She writes of rising consumerism, “Consumerism does
indeed consume us.”
A recent four-year study, for
example, found that the lives of the middle class are “overwhelmed” by
stockpiled supplies, clutter and toys. Three out of four garages are too full
to hold cars, and while the United States has 3.1% of the world’s children, it
has 40% of the the world’s toys (p.58).
Temperance is difficult in a world of consumerism. “I want
what I want” doesn’t really align with temperance, does it?
More – Justice, Courage, Faith, Hope, Love, Chastity, Patience,
Kindness, Humility
I could write paragraphs and paragraphs about each
virtue/chapter, but I guess I won’t. I want to mention some of the writing
within the Kindness chapter. It revolves around the book Tenth of December by George Saunders, which was one of my book
club’s choices, if I remember right, but I did not read it.
The character Don
goes into the woods (on the 10th of December) to end his life after
being becoming sick and weak with a fatal disease to “ease the burdens of those
he loves” (p.213). A boy, Robin, finds the coat Don took off and searches for
the owner. “When Don spies the boy carrying his coat in search of him, even his
weakened mind is troubled at the thought of a child stumbling across the scene
of death he is about to create…’That could scar a kid,’ he thinks (pp. 213-14).
Then the boy falls through the ice on a pond and Don manages to save his life.
They go to Robin’s home and the boy’s mother cares for Don, who realizes a
“renewed joy in life.” Then he is reunited with his wife.
Before they reunite,
though, “Don pauses one more time to consider whether he really wants to
continue living, knowing the days he has left are numbered and will be filled
with great pain (p. 217). Quote from The
Tenth of December:
Did he still want it? Did he still
want to live?
Yes,
yes, oh, God, yes, please.
Because,
O.K., the thing was—he saw it now, was starting to see it—if some guy at the
end, fell apart, and said or did bad things, or had to be helped, helped to
quite a considerable extent? So what? What of it? Why should he not do or say
weird things or look strange or disgusting? Why should the s----- not run down
his legs? Why should those he loved not lift and bend and feed and wipe him,
when he would gladly do the same for them? He’d been afraid to be lessened by
the lifting and bending and feeding and wiping, and was still afraid of that,
and yet, at the same time, now saw that there could still be many—many drops of
goodness, is how it came to him—many drops of happy—of good fellowship—ahead,
and those drops of fellowship were not—had never been—his to [withhold].
Prior says whenever she reads this passage, “it pierces
[her] every time” (p. 218). She confesses to being “terribly, terribly afraid
of dying.” Afraid of all the things Saunders writes of Don fearing. As Prior
says, these fears are natural and normal, but she feels they are heightened for
her because her husband’s father killed himself when faced with the fate of
dying from a fatal disease. It scarred her husband and all his family.
For those so sick or scared or
depressed that they think their loved ones would be better off without them, I
so wish for them to know what Don Eber came to know; caring for those bodies we
inhabit for a while—whether that care is of our own or someone else’s
body—isn’t a distraction from what life is all about. It is what life is all
about.
In
lieu of death, be kind to one another.
That pierces me, too. I think of many things. Jean Vanier
and L’Arche, living with and befriending lonely, mentally challenged people. My
brother finding so much humor in his life during the 6 months it took him to
die of ALS. My mom feeling so ashamed when she came home from a walk around the
block with exactly what Saunders listed, s------ running down her legs. My
sister and sister-in-law faithfully present for Mom as she declined both
physically and mentally with Parkinson’s. My dad, from his own deathbed saying,
“Move her closer, closer,” when we wheeled Mom in to his room so he could hold
her hand and say, “Hi, sweetheart.” Dad holding my own hand, kissing it, and
saying, “I love you so much.” My aunt – my mom’s sister – sitting beside Mom
shortly before she died, looking at old photos and knowing exactly what my mom
meant as she managed to speak one or two words the memories those pictures
evoked. My sister reading Psalm 23 to Mom as she breathed her last breaths,
with Mom silently echoing the words. Yes, that is what life is all about.
* On Reading Well,
Finding the Good Life Through Great Books by Karen Swallow Prior. Brazos
Press, Grand Rapids, MI. copyright 2018.
